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The Construction and Laying of the Foundation Earthing Conductors

tarih: Ekim 04, 2018

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The Construction and Laying of the Foundation Earthing Conductors

A foundation earth consists of non-insulated conductors usually made of strip or round steel, which is embedded in the foundations of the outer walls or in the baseplate of the building and over the relatively well conductive concrete over a large area in contact with the earth. It shall be designed as a closed ring and connected to the main equipotential bonding rail, usually in the service connection room, via a conspicuously marked, corrosion-protected connection lug (hot-dip galvanized steel with plastic jacket or stainless steel) of at least 1.50 m in length. For the lightning protection further connection lugs are to be provided. Foundation earthing is made under a building to ensure the electrical safety. The galvanized or non-galvanized steel must be surrounded on all sides by at least 5 cm of concrete. Thus, a high corrosion resistance is achieved, which practically corresponds to the life of the building. Round steel should be at least 10 mm in diameter. Strip steel...

How Heat Affects Secondary Optics in LEDs

An optimized heat management affects performance and Lifespan of white light of LEDs. However, the temperature stability for secondary optics often neglected. The Fraunhofer Application Center for inorganic phosphors has developed an approach over infrared thermography, with which the assesment of heating of secondary rate LED optics is possible. Infrared thermography: allows estimating about the temperature distribution within a secondary optics. ThePicture shows the cross-section of an LED. The higher temperatures may also have an effect on the secondary image, which is often neglected in thermal management. Particularly critical is when the secondary optics is made of plastic. The heat resistance (stability of form ) of materials commonly used in secondary optics such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC) lie between temperatures of 95 and 122 ° C. A team from the İnstitutr has developed a method to measure the exact temperature profile of secondar...

The Effects Of Mangetic Fields on Humans

The switching frequencies of switching power supplies start at approx. 25 kHz and extend to MHz range. In frequency converters clock frequencies of about 4 kHz to 32 kHz are achieved. Due to rectangular or pulse waveform, all harmonics have an influence on the interference spectrum additionally. Image :http://tabitarezaire.com The Institute of Safety of Work (IFA) has already measured magnetic fields in the range of over 100 A / m in complex large-scale installations, directly in front of open switch cabinets. These interference magnetic fields can induce interference voltages in the range of 500 mVSS to a few VSS in signal lines, bus lines or printed circuit boards. The guideline "Non-ionizing Radiation" of electromagnetic fields of the Association for Radiation Protection e.V. [1] and the BMAS Research Report 451 [2] reports were composed in detail on the effects of magnetic fields on humans. In the vicinity of charging coils, the electric and mag...

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